Almost every language in the world uses an expression similar to ‘hurt feelings’ to describe the emotional response we have to being rejected. The question is, why are rejections so painful?
Among the various kinds of psychological injuries we sustain in daily life (such as failure or guilt), rejections are by far the most common as well as the most painful. When a loved one breaks up with us, when our classmates bully us, or when our communities shun us, the emotional pain we feel can be excruciating. Even minor rejections such as when our friends ignore our posts on social media, or when our neighbors don’t invite us to their parties, can really sting.
But what happens in our brains when we get rejected? Scientists asked people who were recently rejected by their romantic partner to lie in an fMRI scanner while they gazed at photographs of their exes and thought about the intense rejection they experienced. They found that the same areas of the brain become activated when we experience rejection as get activated when we experience physical pain.
In other words, hurt feelings literally do hurt. In fact, our brain responds so similarly to rejection and physical pain that people who were given a pain reliever (Acetaminophen) and then put through a rigged rejection experience (which they believed to be real) reported significantly less emotional pain than those who were not given a pain reliever.
This of course raises another question — why did we evolve a response to rejection that is so similar to physical pain?
The answer lies in our evolutionary past. When we were hunter gatherers living in small nomadic groups, being ostracized from our tribe virtually guaranteed death, as we could not survive alone for long. We therefore developed an early warning system to alert us if we were at risk for ostracism — and the earliest sign of such a fate was rejection. Experiencing rejections as painful provided an evolutionary advantage as it allowed people to change their behavior, remain in the tribe, and live to pass along their genes.
Rejections are a fact of life but we can and should take steps to ‘treat’ the emotional injuries they inflict (and not by drowning our sorrows in food or alcohol). Specifically, we need to prevent negative self-talk or self-criticism, revive damaged feelings of self-worth, be aware of and take steps to mitigate any surges in anger and aggression, and take action to restore our deep sense of ‘belonging’.
Educating ourselves about the impact rejections have on our emotions, thoughts, and behaviors, and talking steps to address these wounds will not only soothe our hurt feelings but it can accelerate our psychological healing and prevent long-term damage to our self-esteem and emotional well-being.
References
Baumeister RF, & Leary MR (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin, 117 (3), 497-529 PMID: 7777651
Dewall CN, Macdonald G, Webster GD, Masten CL, Baumeister RF, Powell C, Combs D, Schurtz DR, Stillman TF, Tice DM, & Eisenberger NI (2010). Acetaminophen reduces social pain: behavioral and neural evidence. Psychological science, 21 (7), 931-7 PMID: 20548058
Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, & Wager TD (2011). Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108 (15), 6270-5 PMID: 21444827
Leary MR, Twenge JM, & Quinlivan E (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 10 (2), 111-32 PMID: 16768650
Twenge JM, Zhang L, Catanese KR, Dolan-Pascoe B, Lyche LF, & Baumeister RF (2007). Replenishing connectedness: reminders of social activity reduce aggression after social exclusion. The British journal of social psychology / the British Psychological Society, 46 (Pt 1), 205-24 PMID: 17355726
Image via Kamira / Shutterstock.
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